Dayamani’s Blog

NREGA Reels Under Plunder Spree, Culprits Pay Bribes And Go Scot-free

Translation of “NREGA mein machi hain loot, abhikarta pisi de kar jaate hain choot”

By Dayamani Barla

6 April 2007

(Translation by Vidya Jonnalagadda)

Ranchi / Gumla: A bogus register of Job Cards and a sham Master Roll (of laborers) were made for the various projects undertaken in 06-07 under NREGA in the Gumla District of Basiya Block. In this counterfeit Master Roll, extra work was shown against the names of laborers who had worked for just one or two days, and wages for this work were collected. Fake signatures or thumbprints of the laborers have been put on the Roll against the payment of wages. In the past few day, after reports were published in (the newspaper) Prabhat Khabar regarding the hoodwinking of laborers in Lungatu Panchayat and appropriation of their wages, a campaign was undertaken to ‘correct’ the Job Cards by erasing the false entries (of extra work-days).

For information of the general public we report that everyone from the contractors to all the concerned officials of the Block tried to remove entries of the spurious work-days from the Job Cards of the workers in Pandra Toli and Bantariya in the Lungtu Panchayat. For this purpose, officials kept making rounds of the villages from 24 January to 30 January. However, the villagers did not agree to the erasure (in their Job Cards) because they believe that action should be taken against the people and officials to halt such irregularities and scams. The Deputy Commissioner of Gumla, Aradhana Pattanayak sent Appellate Authority (aparsamaharta) Radhakrishna to investigate this matter.

After the inquiry, the Deputy Commissioner ordered the filing of a FIR (First Information Report) against three persons in the BDO (Block Development Office). The paperwork for the matter began. The BDO asked the Panchayat Sevak to register the FIR. At this, the Panchyat Sevak registered a case under IPC Sections 420/461/468 /471/34 against the office-holders of a scheme - President Sacchindra Saay and Secretary Baali-Gandhi Minj – in the Basiya Police Station on 14 March 07. The case is being handled by the Police Station In-Charge, Haridev Prasad. Later, on the instructions of the Gumla Deputy Commissioner, another official on the project, Panchayat Sevak Devmani Sahoo was suspended under the accusation of being an accessory.

—– To be continued.

Villagers Demand A Halt To Payment Of Commissions For NREGA Schemes

Translation of “Grameenon ne NREGA yojanaon mein commission par rok ki maang ki”

By Dayamani Barla

Published in Prabhat Gumla - Lohardaga

Ranchi, Saturday, 12 May 2007

(Translation by Vidya Jonnalagadda)

Simdega: The Central Government has enacted the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in order to improve the financial status of the rural folk and to stem their flight (to cities in search of employment). Under this Act, there is a provision to provide each family with employment for 100 days out of the 365 days in a calendar year. For this purpose, a drive was undertaken in March 2006 to seek applications from all able-bodied labor in all Districts. A Job Card was to be made available to the workers on submission of the application forms. For the record, Cards did get distributed to the workers in some regions, but even after a year has passed, the NREGA project has not been implemented in the Bedairagi Panchayat of Bano Block of Simdega District.

The villagers are united and have been running around the Block Office with a demand to implement the NREGA program. The villagers organized a public rally near the Block Office on 22 March and prepared a written demand sheet to be handed over to the BDO ( Block Development Officer); however, despite prior notice regarding this event, the then BDO remained missing from the Office on that day. When no notice was taken of the demands made by the villagers, the villagers submitted a bundle of papers with their complaints and demands to the Chief Minister Madhu Koda at the Vikas Mela (Development Fair) held on 28 March in Kurkura. After this, a meeting demanding the speedy implementation of the NREGA scheme was held on 13 April in the Bedairagi Panchayat itself, attended by all the members of the Panchayat. The Rural Development Division of the Governmental machinery claims a success rate of 94% in the implementation of NREGA in Simdega District.

The roles of the Gram Sabha (Village Council) President Elaiyajar Kandulana, Secretary Soma Kongaadi, and members like Laurence Kandulana, Paulous Surin, Jolene, Basu, Silas, Narendra Singh, Ramesh Sin, George Mahato, Komal and Jaimangal in the organization of the activities to demand the commencement of NREGE projects in Bedairagi has been commendable. On the other hand, according to the list obtained from the Block Office, plans have been approved for the construction of 7 wells and 2 ponds in 2005-06, and for 4 wells in 06-07. The Bedairagi Panchayat Committee has submitted a written complaint to the Chief Minister against the commissions being taken from the beneficiaries by the officials concerned with various projects. In this complaint, it is stated that under the guise of Indira Aawaas Yojana (Indira Housing Scheme), amounts of three to three and a half thousand rupees have been collected from Joseph Sureen, Emil Topano, Dukhan Sureen, Khaira Sureen, Joel Sureen, Panchu Tirkee, Marissa Bading and Anand Maseeh. A written complaint regarding this has been given to Village Council President Elaiyajar Kandulana as well as Secretary Soma Kongadi. They have demanded that a halt be put to this kind of commission-gouging so that the villagers get the proper benefits from developmental projects.

The Numbers In The Master Account Ledger Do Not Match Entries In Job Cards

Translation of “Job card se mel nahin khate master roll panji ke ankade”

By Dayamani Barla

7 April 2007

Ranchi / Gumla: The details of the projects undertaken in Lungatu Panchayat for 06-07 were obtained from the Block Office using the ‘Right To Information’ (RTI) Act. In the RTI application, we had asked for a copy of the Master Roll prepared for the above mentioned projects, the names of the officials and the funds allocated for these projects. On 28 January, a hand written report prepared by the Panchayat Sevak (Agent) Devmani Saahoo was given by JPC Anil Kumar Jha in the presence of the BDO. Examination of the Master Roll accounts and comparison with Job Cards makes is clear that false entries and descriptions have been entered in the Master Roll. When asked about their thumb prints or signatures on the Master Roll, the workers said that they had not even seen the Master Roll.

* The Numbers In The Master Account Ledger Do Not Match Entries In Job Cards

Translation of “Job card se mel nahin khate master roll panji ke ankade”

By Dayamani Barla

7 April 2007

(Translation by Vidya Jonnalagadda)

Ranchi / Gumla: The details of the projects undertaken in Lungatu Panchayat for 06-07 were obtained from the Block Office using the ‘Right To Information’ (RTI) Act. In the RTI application, we had asked for a copy of the Master Roll prepared for the above mentioned projects, the names of the officials and the funds allocated for these projects. On 28 January, a hand written report prepared by the Panchayat Sevak (Agent) Devmani Saahoo was given by JPC Anil Kumar Jha in the presence of the BDO. Examination of the Master Roll accounts and comparison with Job Cards makes is clear that false entries and descriptions have been entered in the Master Roll. When asked about their thumb prints or signatures on the Master Roll, the workers said that they had not even seen the Master Roll.

According to the list made available by the Block Office under the RTI act, the following projects were undertaken in 2006-07.

For the record, a total of 25 projects were run in Lungatu Panchayat under NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act). The total budget for these was 18,24,700 (eighteen lakhs, twenty four thousand and seven hundred) rupees. In the past few days, news reports have been published detailing the cheating of the laborers and irregularities in but two or three of these projects. The question now arises as to how much money was looted in the other projects, and how much injustice was meted out to the workers? After all, who is responsible for supervising and investigating these projects? The President of the supervisors of these projects says that for each project, bribes are taken by all the officials in the Block Office, right from the bottom to the top. It is said that 30-35% of the funds are diverted as bribes. The justification given is that additional days are recorded on the workers’ Job Cards to account for these funds.

—- (The End)—-

Money Was Embezzled Away Showing Fictitious Work-Days

Translation of “Farji karyadivas chadha kar paisa hadap liya gaya”

By Dayamani Barla

Published in Prabhat City- Aaspaas

Ranchi, Wednesday, 25 April 2007

(Translation by Vidya Jonnalagadda)

Money was embezzled from accounts related to the work done under NREGA 2006-07 in Lungatu Panchayat in Basiya Block of Gumla District (of Jharkhand). This was done by entering extra work-days on the Job Cards of workers (more than the number of days that they actually worked) and then preparing a bogus Master Roll to capture the funds. In the matter of entering phony (extra) work-days on the Job Cards, a Case (No. 25/07) of non-cooperation was registered by Panchyat Sevak (Worker) Devmani Sahoo against the Project President Sachhindra Saay and Secretary Baali Gandhi Minj in the Basiya Police Station.

The Station Superintendent, Haridev Prasad came to Lungatu Pandara Toli on 16 April to investigate this case. During the course of this probe, Mr. Prasad examined the Job Cards of the laborers and the Master Roll for the project related to this case. For this, he questioned the Card-holders, scrutinized their cards, and compared them with the amounts recorded as their ‘wages paid’ in the Master Roll. After his inspection, Mr. Prasad told that the number of days recorded on the Job Cards was more than the number of days the people said that they had worked, and the (extra) wages have been embezzled.

He presented the Cards of six people. He informed us that Daniel Kandulana’s family had put in combined work of 19 days, but the Card shows a total of 48 work-days. Dahlia Uraanv had worked for three days, though the Card records work for 12 days against her name, and 48 days for her family. Similarly, Chamru Cheek Badaik worked for two and a half days, but a total of 24 work-days is shown on his Card, and he received merely 86 rupees as wages. The Card of Yugeshwar Khadiya shows 114 days: noting this Mr. Prasad remarked “Well, it looks like you have been favored, that is why you were given work for more than hundred days!” A member of this family, Sugandh Khadiya retorted that he had not worked for even a single day yet 14 work-days are recorded against his name. Maangu Khadiya worked for thirteen and a half days which was recorded as 34 days. Budhu Toppo worked for two days, which got recorded as 24 days.

After his investigation, the Station Superintendent disclosed that the Card-holders had not put any signatures or thumbprints on any Master Roll, but the Master Roll carrying their names had forged signatures and thumbprints. He added that during his investigation he had uncovered irregularities in many other projects as well.

Several amusing facts came to light during this query. In the Master Roll, a thumbprint was found acknowledging receipt of wages against the name of Daniel Kandulana, whereas a signature was found acknowledging the receipt of a Job Card by Daniel Kandulana, who said that he (always) signs his name. A signature marks the receipt of wages in the Master Roll against the name of Noel Kandulana. When scrutinized, it was found that signature in the Master Roll read Manuel Kandulana. The Card-holders declared in their statements that they had neither signed nor put their thumb prints on any Master Roll. After seeing and hearing these matters, Haridev concluded that all Master Rolls were fakes.

The public is generally apprehensive of the Police and typically tries to avoid interacting with them, but when the Police arrived on 16 April for their inquiry, the entire population of Lungatu Panchayat was present at Pandara Toli with their Job Cards. For our readers’ information, the Police had come to record statements of the Card-holders in connection with the recent reports published in the newspaper Prabhat Khabar of the case of swindling of NREGA project funds. 23 projects were undertaken under the aegis of NREGA in Lungatu Panchayat. Funds have been stolen from each of them. Prabhat Khabar highlighted the irregularities in several of these projects, but in order to conceal the enormous extent of the loot of funds, only one case has been registered regarding irregularities in just one project, that too by a person himself suspected of being involved in this scam. On the basis of this case, the investigating officer wanted to record statements of the Card-holders in connection with just that project, but workers defrauded in other projects also wanted to show their Cards (and give their statements). As the word about this investigation spread, more people arrived with their Cards.

The Card-holders who had worked on other projects compelled the officer to listen to their experiences as well. Mahaveer Badaik came with his Card in his hand and said to Mr. Prasad, “Take this and look, you also observe this. Why have wages been reduced or erased on this Card? Why has this Card been stained? We toil in the sun, why don’t we get our rightful share?”

While comparing the Cards and Master Roll, and recording the statements of the Card-holders, the Police personnel were making remarks like “Oh! They have really eaten a lot of money on your name!” Every Card-holder in that crowd wanted to show their Card but the Police had to record the statements related only to the project named in the case. Hundreds of Card-holders from Jolo, Pantariya and Lungatu were present at the venue.

Original Hindi Publication

Retaining Job Cards Of Laborers Is A Violation Of The NREGA Law

Translation of “majdooron ka job card rakhna narega kanoon ka ullanghan”

By Dayamani Barla

Published in Prabhat

23 April 2007

(Translation by Vidya Jonnalagadda)

“You have a young child. How can you work?” The literate people were told, “You cannot do this work. That is why no Job Cards can be made in your name”. “These were the reasons given and we were not able to get our Job Cards made” complained the rural folk of Romjaal village of Banki Panchayat in Bano Block (of Jharkand) during the village assembly on ninth March. They also added this: “For those who did get their Job Cards made, the Cards are being held by the Gram Sevak (Village Worker).”

Why is it that no description of the work done by the laborers under the various projects ongoing in the village under the aegis of NREGA is being entered into their Job Cards? In reply to this the Chief of the village, James Kandulana says, “Previously too no details of any work done were ever noted. Hence it was decided that there is no need to enter the particulars on the Job Cards now.”

The villagers have no information about either where work is going on under the NREGA or what type of work is in progress. On the other hand, Village Chief James Kandulana says, “Works under NREGA have commenced in Banki Panchayat right from 2006. The Romjaal pond construction began in 2006 itself. Initiation of pond construction in Badlum and Kanaaronva also took place in 2006.” According to him, the Job Cards for the laborers were made in January 2007.

During the assembly, the people raised the question as to whether only the Village Chief has the right to have knowledge regarding the developmental schemes underway. (They insisted that) all villagers also have a right to this information.

The grievance of the villagers is that when the Job Cards were being made, the leaders and those people who have always been in close contact with the officials at the Block Office prepared Cards only for those who they favored. In case of the people they disliked, the applicants were told that “your child is too young”. In cases of a few youth who had some level of education, they were told, “you are not eligible for this work.” This is the reason why all the people who could have received Job Cards in the village do not have them even today. The resentful villagers are raising this question, “When were the elections held in our village to choose the Village Chief and who held them? We have no information at all about this!”

For the record, all the NREGA works here are under the stranglehold of the agents of Rural Development Minister Anos Ekka. According to the villagers, no benefit is accruing to the rural folk from any on the development schemes at all. Those who should have been allotted a BPL (Below Poverty Line) number have not received one. Similarly, the needy do not get any succor under the Annapoorna and Antyodaya schemes. According to the information obtained from the Block Office, under the NREGA, one pond has been constructed in each of the villages of Girijatoli, Banki Ganzootoli and Pado Badlud.

For the readers’ information, the Law states that under the NREGA program, each able-bodied person in the village can avail of employment in the village. This includes women who have young children. For such women, arrangements will be made for child-care at the place of employment and the person providing the child-care would also be paid wages. Under the Law, no contractor or official has the right to retain the workers’ Job Cards in their own custody. It is stipulated that the work done each day by a worker has to be noted on their Job Card at the workplace (itself).

Will the exploited ever get justice?

The Blackmarketing of Rations Meant For the Poor Flourishes Unchecked - 4

Translation of “kya shoshiton ko kabhi nyaay mil payega?”

By Dayamani Barla

Prabhat City – Aaspaas

Ranchi, Thursday, 12 July 2007.

(Translation by Vidya Jonnalagadda)

Will the injustice being meted out to the poor ever end? Who can stop this? Will the oppressed get justice, because History is witness to the discrimination and tyranny unleashed on these folk. Whenever the repressed people raise their voices, another round of all types of oppression is unleashed on them., whereas the unjust are given every kind of protection. This is the fundamental question before the Government and Administration giving out promises of justice to the law-abiding public.

The people have complained that even as of today, there are many people in the village whose Ration Cards are being held by the dealers for over a year. The Cards of the following persons are being held by the dealers: Mansuk Horo, Kinu Horo, Sakaan Horo, Champa Horo, Soganaa Horo, Mangaraa Horo, Birasaa Horo, Lakshu Loharaa, Vipait Horo and Joseph Horo.

Questions of this kind relating to a scam with rations which is achieved by collusion between all the concerned officials keep rearing their head always. But these people are professionals in looting the grain meant for the poor; they have prepared false documents for their defense, on the basis of which they are let off with a clean chit. The villagers say, “Neither the MLA (Member of State Legislative Assembly) nor the MP (Member of Parliament) have come here at any time till today to take ask about our problems.”

For the record, the Red Cards are given to the poor not only so that they can draw rations; these cared are also used to avail of other facilities and services from the Block office. The Red Card is especially important for the poor families to avail of health facilities. It is indeed unfortunate that the poor are not able to derive proper benefit from these Cards. The advantages of the Cards are being misappropriated by the local goons and the officials related to this division. Thanks to the rations looted from the poor, somewhere a car belonging to someone is racing down a road, and in some city a palatial home worth lakhs of rupees is being constructed on some other person’s name. Holding on to the Red Card issued to poor families is a legal offence, but there is no official, people’s representative or leader to take heed of this.

(The End).

Only One Day Is Given To Collect Rations

The Blackmarketing Of Rations Meant For The Poor Flourishes Unchecked - 3

Translation of rashan lene ki liye sirf ek din ka samay dete hain

By Dayamani Barla

Prabhat City Aaspaas

Ranchi, Wednesday, 11 July 2007.

(Translation by Vidya Jonnalagadda)

The villagers inform that the rations for the residents under the Panchayats of Jariy, Regare, and Udikel, all are to be supplied by the shop of Subodh Sahoo situated in Jariya. For the record, since many years, the rations for the villagers under the Panchayats of Jariya and Udikel have been supplied from the shop of dealer Subodh Sahoo, but the distribution for Regare Panchayat was done by taking the materials to Regare. The villagers tell us that they are given but one day’s time to purchase the rations. This increases the difficulty for the villagers.

The Secretaries of the Jameen Bachaav Sangathan (Save the Land Society), Shivnath, Nande Paahan, and Pushpa Aaind say, The foodgrains to be distributed to the poor are being looted openly. The number of families in Nidhinya Mahauatoli of Udikel Panchayat is 22. Red Ration Cards have been prepared for a total of 21 families. Mula Munda relates, We people get just two liters of oil, whereas the Card shows a supply of rice between 12 to 21 kg. The monthly amount of oil is shown as three liters. Lakhan Aaind told, We people get only two liters of oil, but the Card records 22-23 kg of rice, 12 kg of wheat, and three liters of oil each month. Same is the treatment meted out to all the cardholders. In the name of rations some cardholders get two liters of oil and some get one liter of oil. The villagers lament, Whom can we complain to; there is no one to side with the poor.

Rahi Gop, Kaushal Gop, Arun Badaik, Gopal Badaik, Kalyan Aaind, and Lakshman Aaind said that the dealer had kept their Cards with himself for over a year. Of these, Benedik Aaind has not received his Card back to date. In the meeting on 12 June of the Jameem Bachaav Sangathan, the villagers discussed the matter of the ongoing loot of their rations and have decided to make every effort to stop it.

- To be continued.

We Never Took Salt But It Is Recorded On The Card

The Blackmarketing Of Rations Meant For The Poor Flourishes Unchecked - 2

Translation of “namak kabhee nahin liya par card mein darz hain”

By Dayamani Barla

Prabhat City – Aaspaas

Ranchi, Tuesday, 10 July 2007.

(Translation by Vidya Jonnalagadda)

(Part 1 at http://aidindia.org/main/content/view/500/139/)

The study of all (Red Ration) Cards revealed that the beneficiaries began to be given six kg of wheat, two kg of sugar, four kg of rice, and four liters of kerosene each from October 1998. The same entry is shown in all Cards till May 1999. From June-July, all the Cards start showing delivery of 10 kg of wheat and three-and-a-half liters of kerosene. From May 2000, all the Cards show an increase in wheat to 12 kg, and in rice to eight kg per Card. From 2001, the wheat was increased to 15 kg, and rice too to 14 kg. From 2002, wheat was increased to 21 kg, and rice also from 21 kg to 25 kg. From 2002 to 2006, if a Card records 14 kg of wheat delivered, then the rice distributed is shown as 21 kg, or 25 kg, or even 28 kg. On the other hand, if wheat delivered is recorded as 21 kg, then the quantity of rice handed out is shown as 14 kg, 15 kg or 12 kg.

Not just this, the cardholders have been recorded to have received even salt. However, the cardholders reiterate, “We people have only taken kerosene, we have never ever received any other item”.

According to the cardholders, hundreds of quintals of wheat, rice and kerosene have been whisked away against the name of each of them. For example, 935 kg, that is 9 quintals and 35 kg, is the quantity that has been spirited away of just one item, wheat, that was allocated for just a single family.

In all Cards, the supply column for 2007 January read three liters of oil. From March to May, it reads two and a half liters of oil. This itself is a matter for investigation because according to the regulations the rations are supposed to be distributed in amounts proportional to family size, whereas what is shown is the same amount distributed to all families, regardless of whether they are entitled to two-and-a-half, or six, or seven units.

— To be continued.

The Blackmarketing Of Rations Meant For The Poor Flourishes Unchecked

Translation of Berok-tok hotee hain gareebon ke rashan ki kaalabazaari

By Dayamani Barla

Prabhat City Aaspaas

Ranchi, Monday, 9 July 2007.

(Translation by Vidya Jonnalagadda)

The looting of the rations (subsidized goods) meant for the poor of several villages in the Jariya and Udikel Panchayats of the Karra Block has been going on without any obstruction for several years. Each month, entries are made on the Red Cards held by the uneducated and simple village folks, but the villagers do not actually get any materials. The card-holders say, “In all the past years, we have not got anything other than one or two liters of kerosene (per month). They add, “We get even the one or two liters of kerosene after arguments and squabbles (with the distributor) Even today, the Red Cards of many poor people are in the possession of the dealers. The card-holders clarify, The dealer takes the cards from us when he gives us the kerosene and then holds them with himself for several days. During this period, he enters any amount of wheat and rice (as items delivered) on the cards.

The Red Cards were introduced for the poor in 1997, and from that day has begun the loot of rations in their name. For the record, the Cards were valid till 2006. As long as there was space on the card to make entries, fake entries were made. The signature of the distributor or the shopkeeper is entered against each delivery date, but not a single signature of the card-holder consumer is present on any of the cards. The black marketing of the food grains meant for the poor has been going on continuously without a break from 1998 to 2006, but not a single MLA (Member of State Legislative Assembly) or MP (Member of Parliament) from this region has taken any heed of the poor.

The Red Cards were introduced by the Central Government to alleviate the poverty of the people in the State living below the poverty line. The purpose was to make available to each family a fixed amount of (subsidized) wheat, rice, sugar, kerosene, etc. from the Food and Provisions Department.

The ration shop for the village of Churale was previously under the Udikel Panchayat. The villagers recall, During that period, we used to get some amount of rations from the shop. But ever since the shop has been moved to Jariya village, all we have been getting in the name of rations is kerosene.

There is a total of 44 families in Churale village. Of these 44, a total of 14 Red Card-holder families were contacted for this study. Each family was interviewed. Each card-holder affirmed, “We people have received only kerosene till today; never have we received wheat, sugar, and rice”.

- To be continued.

Representatives of Many Countries Participated in the Social Forum Organized in Helsinki

Translation of “helsinki mein aayojit social forum mein kayi deshon ke pratinidhi shaamil hu-e”

Part 4 of Experiences in Helsinki

By Dayamani Barla

Prabhat Khabar – Desh Videsh

Ranchi, Friday, 25 May 2007.

(Translation by Vidya Jonnalagadda)

It is said that the fishermen fish only during the night. A Social Forum was organized in Helsinki from 21 to 27 April. Representatives from many countries participated in this. Seminars on eight to ten topics were organized each day. The main points for discussion were the forests, elected officials; people displaced by mining operations; geological debt; tribal communities and forests; uranium mines and radiation; and uranium mining and nuclear power plants.

The topic of radiation was a hot topic in the seminar on uranium. All the representatives shed light on the ill effects of radiation on health and environment in their own regions, and emphatically stated that “We do not want any more uranium mines, and nor do we want nuclear power plants.” In the seminars on geological debt, tribals and forests, tribals and mining, and mining and displacement, the representatives stressed that the social, economic, and cultural systems of tribals rest on the forests, rivers, water and land. When a mine is dug, the forest slashed, and factories built on the land, the tribals get uprooted from their community, culture, and their economy that is based on the bounty of nature. That is why they have to oppose these destructive schemes.

A question that arose during the discussion on displacement due to mining was whether Finland was contributing to the mining in Chattisgarh by sending two Finnish machines for working the mines, and if these machines were depriving the local laborers of their livelihood.

On 26 April, a big public meeting was held in the Old Student House in Helsinki to discuss uranium mining, displacement, forest- and land- displacement. This meeting was attended by the Chief Secretary of Trade and Mining in Helsinki, members of Simenuppu, members of groups opposing the uranium mines in North Carolina, members of the nature and environment protection association of East Usami, members from the Citizens for Justice Forum from Malawi and France, representatives from Austria and Germany, as well as people from various regions of Finland.

(Concluded)